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Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Causes and patient outcomes
Majid A Almadi1, Abdulelah Almutairdi2, Ibrahim M Alruzug3, Thamer A Aldarsouny3, Toufic Semaan3, Manhal K Aldaher3, Adnan AlMustafa3, Nahla Azzam4, Faisal Batwa5, Badr Albawardy6, Abdulrahman Aljebreen4
1 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Division of Gastroenterology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
2 Gastroenterology Section, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
3 Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
4 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
5 Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
6 Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
Correspondence Address:
Abdulrahman Aljebreen,
Department of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None DOI: 10.4103/sjg.SJG_297_20 PMID: 33047678
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Background: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) remains a healthcare burden and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. We aim to describe the presentation, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients presenting with UGIB as well as important patient outcomes.
Methods: This is a retrospective study performed at a tertiary care university hospital in Riyadh. Electronic endoscopic reports of patients undergoing gastroscopies for the indication of UGIB from January 2006 to January 2015 were included. Demographic data, past medical conditions, medications used, symptoms on presentation, as well as the patients' hemodynamic status, laboratory investigations on presentations, the need for blood products, the need for admission to an intensive care unit, rebleeding, and in-hospital mortality rates were retrieved from medical records.
Results: Two hundred fifty-nine patients were included with a mean age of 57.1 years and males constituted 66.8% of the study cohort. At least one comorbidity was present in 88.2%, while 20.7% had a history of prior UGIB, 12.6% had a history of peptic ulcer disease, and 9.2% had known esophageal varices. A nonvariceal source represented 80.1% of the causes (95% CI: 75.4 to 85.3%), 15.5% required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), the rebleeding rate was 8.9% (95% CI; 5.7% to 12.2%) while the in-hospital mortality was 4.4% (95% CI; 2.4% to 6.9%). The mean pre-endoscopic Rockall score was 2.6 (range: 0 to 5), while the total Rockall score was 4.4 (range: 1 to 9). There was no association between the pre-endoscopic Rockall score and rebleeding (3.0 vs. 2.5, P = 0.27) or need for ICU admission (3.2 vs. 2.4, P = 0.08), the total Rockall score and rebleeding (5.0 vs. 4.4, P = 0.58) or need for ICU admission (5.0 vs. 4.3, P = 0.36).
Conclusion: Causes of UGIB in this patient population were predominantly nonvariceal and the rebleeding and mortality rates resembled those of other studies.
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